柴油发电机组（电机定子的工作原理） Diesel generator set (working principle of motor stator)

柴油发电机是一种小型发电设备，系指以柴油等为燃料，以柴油机为原动机带动发电机发电的动力机械。整套柴油发电机组一般由柴油机、发电机、控制箱、燃油箱、起动和控制用蓄电瓶、保护装置、应急柜等部件组成。可用于各种家庭、办公室、大中小型企业日常发电以及应急发电。

定子是电动机或发电机静止不动的部分。定子由定子铁芯、定子绕组和机座三部分组成。定子的作用产生交流电，转子的作用是形成旋转磁场。

电机定子组成

定子由机座、定子铁芯、线圈以及固定这些部分的其他结构件组成。机座是用来固定铁芯的，对于悬式发电机，机座用来承受转动部分的全部重量；铁芯是发电机磁路的一部分；线圈则形成发电机的电路。

机座

机座通常为铸铁件，大型异步电动机机座一般用钢板焊成，微型电动机的机座采用铸铝件。封闭式电机的机座外面有散热筋以增加散热面积，防护式电机的机座两端端盖开有通风孔，使电动机内外的空气可直接对流，以利于散热。发电机的机座主要作用是作为定子铁芯叠片的支撑结构，承受定子的扭矩，并将其传至底脚；构成冷却气体的通道，构成轴承，机架和冷却器的支撑结构。

定子铁芯

定子铁芯是定子的主要磁路，一起也是定子绕组的安装和固定部件。定子铁芯由扇形冲片、通风槽片、齿压板、拉紧螺栓、托块、定位筋等部件组成。

线圈

大型水轮发电机的定子绕组大多数选用条式线圈(亦称线棒)双层波绕组，条式波绕组的特点是端部连接少，拆换方便。对于水冷发电机，也能够选用单层波绕组，这样能够简化冷却水管路。

定子接线方式

定子有两种接线方式，一种是4线式，转子串连接在2个定子绕组之间，一种是2线式，2个定子绕组连接好后再与转子串连接好后再与转子串连接，（将4线式对角的2根引线接在一起）。两种接线方式不同，但可以通用。引接线方式有两种：一种是软线引出；一种是靠骨架上的插接件引出，该种绕线时要保留骨架。

常见故障

定子常见故障包括绕组断路、短路、接地、拉簧与刷握接触不良、拉簧烧断、定子固定螺栓松动等

部件及原理

发电机电能是现代社会最主要的能源之一。发电机是将其它形式的能源转换成电能的机械设备，最早产生于第二次工业革命时期，由德国工程师西门子于1866年制成，它由水轮机、汽轮机、柴油机或其它动力机械驱动，将水流、气流、燃料燃烧或原子核裂变产生的能量转化为机械能传给发电机，再由发电机转换为电能。 

发电机的分类：直流发电机、交流发电机、同步发电机、异步发电机（很少采用），交流发电机分类：单相发电机、三相发电机。 

工作原理：发电机主要由定子、转子、端盖、电刷、机座及轴承等部件构成。定子由机座、定子铁芯、线包绕组、以及固定这些部分的其他结构件组成。转子由转子铁芯、转子磁极（有磁扼.磁极绕组）、滑环（又称铜环、集电环）、风扇及转轴等部件组成。通过轴承、机座及端盖将发电机的定子、转子连接组装起来，使转子能在定子中旋转，通过滑环通入一定励磁电流，使转子成为一个旋转磁场，定子线圈做切割磁力线的运动，从而产生感应电势，通过接线端子引出，接在回路中，便产生了电流。由于电刷与转子相连处有断路处，使转子按一定方向转动，产生交变电流，所以家庭电路等电路中是交变电流，简称交流电。中国电网输出电流的频率是50赫兹。 

A diesel generator is a small power generation device that refers to a power machinery that uses diesel or other fuels and a diesel engine as the prime mover to drive the generator to generate electricity. The entire diesel generator set generally consists of components such as a diesel engine, generator, control box, fuel tank, starting and control battery, protective device, emergency cabinet, etc. Can be used for daily power generation and emergency power generation in various households, offices, large, medium and small enterprises.

The stator is the stationary part of an electric motor or generator. The stator consists of three parts: the stator core, the stator winding, and the machine base. The stator generates alternating current, while the rotor forms a rotating magnetic field.

Composition of motor stator

The stator is composed of a frame, a stator core, coils, and other structural components that fix these parts. The base is used to fix the iron core. For a suspended generator, the base is used to bear the entire weight of the rotating parts; The iron core is a part of the magnetic circuit of the generator; The coil forms the circuit of the generator.

Machine base

The base is usually made of cast iron. The base of large asynchronous motors is generally welded with steel plates, while the base of micro motors is made of cast aluminum. The enclosed motor has heat dissipation ribs on the outside of the base to increase the heat dissipation area, while the protective motor has ventilation holes on both ends of the base cover to allow direct convection of air inside and outside the motor, facilitating heat dissipation. The main function of the generator frame is to serve as a support structure for the stator core laminations, bearing the torque of the stator and transmitting it to the base; The channel that forms the cooling gas, the support structure that forms the bearings, frame, and cooler.

Stator core

The stator core is the main magnetic circuit of the stator, and it is also the installation and fixing component of the stator winding. The stator core is composed of fan-shaped punch plates, ventilation slots, toothed pressure plates, tension bolts, support blocks, positioning ribs, and other components.

coil

Most of the stator windings of large hydroelectric generators use double layered wave windings with strip coils (also known as wire bars). The characteristic of strip wave windings is that they have fewer end connections and are easy to remove and replace. For water-cooled generators, single-layer wave windings can also be used to simplify the cooling water pipeline.

Stator wiring method

There are two wiring methods for the stator: one is the 4-wire type, where the rotor is connected in series between two stator windings, and the other is the 2-wire type, where the two stator windings are connected and then connected to the rotor string before connecting to the rotor string (connecting the two diagonal leads of the 4-wire type together). The two wiring methods are different, but they can be used interchangeably. There are two types of wiring methods: one is flexible wire lead out; One method is to use connectors on the skeleton to lead out, and the skeleton should be retained when winding this type of wire.

Common faults

Common stator faults include winding open circuit, short circuit, grounding, poor contact between tension spring and brush holder, tension spring burnout, loose stator fixing bolts, etc

Components and principles

Generator electricity is one of the most important sources of energy in modern society. A generator is a mechanical device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy. It was first developed during the Second Industrial Revolution by German engineer Siemens in 1866. It is driven by water turbines, steam turbines, diesel engines, or other power machinery, and converts the energy generated by water flow, air flow, fuel combustion, or nuclear fission into mechanical energy, which is then transmitted to the generator and converted into electrical energy by the generator.

Classification of generators: DC generator, AC generator, synchronous generator, asynchronous generator (rarely used), AC generator classification: single-phase generator, three-phase generator.

Working principle: The generator is mainly composed of components such as stator, rotor, end cover, electric brush, machine base, and bearings. The stator is composed of a frame, a stator core, wire winding, and other structural components that fix these parts. The rotor consists of a rotor core, rotor magnetic poles (with magnetic chokes and magnetic pole windings), slip rings (also known as copper rings or collector rings), fans, and shafts. By connecting and assembling the stator and rotor of the generator through bearings, machine base, and end caps, the rotor can rotate in the stator. A certain excitation current is passed through the slip ring to make the rotor a rotating magnetic field. The stator coil cuts the magnetic field lines, generating induced potential. It is then led out through the terminal block and connected to the circuit, generating current. Due to the open circuit at the connection between the electric brush and the rotor, the rotor rotates in a certain direction, generating alternating current. Therefore, in household circuits and other circuits, alternating current, abbreviated as AC, is used. The frequency of the output current of China's power grid is 50 hertz.